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Major River Systems of India: Himalayan vs Peninsular

Introduction

India is the land of rivers. They are not just water bodies but goddesses (Gangamaiya). We classify them into two groups.

1. Himalayan Rivers

• Perennial: Have water throughout the year (rain + glacier melt).
• Young: Cut deep V-shaped valleys and gorges.
• Systems:
  • Indus: Source near Mansarovar. Tributaries: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej.
  • Ganga: Source Gangotri. Joined by Yamuna at Prayagraj. The longest river in India.
  • Brahmaputra: Known as Psangpo in Tibet. Enters India at Namcha Barwa.

2. Peninsular Rivers

• Seasonal: Rain-fed. Dry up in summer.
• Old: Flow in shallow valleys. Reached base level.
• Systems:
  • East Flowing (Delta forming): Godavari (Dakshin Ganga), Krishna, Cauvery, Mahanadi.
  • West Flowing (Estuary forming): Narmada and Tapti flow in Rift Valleys.

Conclusion

Rivers are crucial for irrigation and hydropower. The Interlinking of Rivers project aims to transfer water from surplus to deficit basins.